Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet lớn indicate the correct answer lớn each of the questions from 35 lớn 42.
According lớn sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought lớn be people with unusual personal ubility, decades ot research have failed lớn produce consistent evidence that there is any category ot “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no phối of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs ot that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.
Group members look lớn instrumental leaders lớn “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s thành viên. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than vãn with providing emotional tư vấn lớn group members and attempting lớn minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders lớn maintain stable relationships within the group and provide tư vấn lớn individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely lớn have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship lớn others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected lớn discipline, are quick lớn lighten a serious moment with humor, and try lớn resolve issues that threaten lớn divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
What does the passage mainly discuss?